Covalent chemical bonds involve the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms, in contrast to the transfer of electrons in ionic bonds. Atoms will covalently bond with other atoms in order to gain more stability, which is gained by forming a full electron shell. By sharing their outer most (valence) electrons, atoms […]
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Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bond that the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms and is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions, resulting in positive and negative ions which attract each other. These ions represent atoms that have lost one or more electrons (known as cations) and
Ionic Bonding Explained: The Complete Transfer of Electrons Read More »
Hund’s rule of maximum spin multiplicity is an observational rule which states that Pairing of electrons in degenerate orbitals is not possible until all available orbitals contain one electron each. The Aufbau principle let’s us build up an atoms electronic configuration by placing electrons into orbitals of every increasing energy. Hund’s Rule tells us about
Hund’s Rule : Maximizing Parallel Spin for the Lowest Energy Electron Configuration Read More »
Aufbau comes from the German word “Aufbauen” which means “to build”. In essence when writing electron configurations we are building up electron orbitals as we proceed from atom to atom. As we write the electron configuration for an atom, we will fill the orbitals in order of increasing atomic number. The Aufbau principle originates from
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The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that, in an atom or molecule, no two electrons can have the same four electronic quantum numbers. We are aware that in one orbital a maximum of two electrons can be found and the two electrons must have opposing spins. That means one would spin up ( +1/2) and the
Pauli’s Exclusion Principle: Why Every Electron Needs a Unique Quantum ID Read More »
Classical physics was on loose footing with problems of wave/particle duality, but was caught completely off-guard with the discovery of the uncertainty principle. The uncertainty principle also called the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, or Indeterminacy Principle, articulated (1927) by the German physicist Werner Heisenberg, that the position and the velocity of an object cannot both be
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Q uantom numbers are the address of electrons. These are numbers which are used to specify the position and energy of electrons in an atom. Four quantum numbers are usually used to designed the electrons present in an orbital. Principal Quantum Number (‘n’) T his represents the main shells in an atom. This number gives
Consider an electron of charge ‘e’ revolving around a nucleus of charge ‘ze’, where ‘z’ is the atomic number and ‘e’ the charge on a proton. Let ‘m’ be the mass of the electron, ‘r’ be the radius of the orbit and ‘v’ the tangential velocity of the revolving electron. The electrostatic force of attraction
The Math Behind Bohr’s Atom: How to Calculate the Radius (r) of Electron Shells Read More »
The Bohr Model has an atom consisting of a small, positively-charged nucleus orbited by negatively-charged electrons. Here’s a closer look at the Bohr Model, which is sometimes called the Rutherford-Bohr Model Niels Bohr proposed the Bohr Model of the Atom in 1915. Because the Bohr Model is a modification of the earlier Rutherford Model, some
Bohr’s Atomic Model: The Bridge to Modern Physics Read More »
🧠Science side 🌿 Mindfulness side ⚡ Quick tool (try this anytime chatter runs wild) It’s like pressing Ctrl+Alt+Del on your mental chatter/Overthinking.
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